Heap leaching structures and waste dumps are the most important mining structures, and paying attention to their stability issues at different stages of construction and operation is important. Investigating the thermo-Hydromechanical parameters of the materials of these structures is very important to evaluate stability and geotechnical issues. Various factors affect the thermo-Hydromechanical properties of materials, which can change the aforementioned properties and ultimately cause structural instability. Therefore, it is necessary to study the Effect of various factors such as pH, salinity, temperature, consolidation, and precipitation (moisture) on the thermo-Hydromechanical properties of materials and to investigate their behavior over time. This paper reviews some studies to investigate the Effect of the mentioned factors on the thermo-Hydromechanical properties of different soils. The results show that the change of some factors like pH affects the hydrodynamic properties of materials, which reduces soil strength parameters. Finally, one may conclude that by examining the hydrodynamic properties of the materials of mining structures and monitoring them over time, a favorable understanding of the behavior of the structure can be achieved, and its behavior can be predicted to some extent.

Soils in nature can variably be in dry, saturated, or unsaturated conditions. In geotechnical projects, all three soil states must be considered, because soil states can be changed by environmental Effects. The most elastoplastic models in soil mechanics were developed for saturated conditions. In this paper, a unified model, in a critical state framework is presented for describing the behavior of a large spectrum of soils under monotonic loading in drained and undrained conditions based on bounding surface theory and the nonassociated flow rule. To unify the simulation of both clayey and sandy soils, among phase transformation behavior, in this model, a modified general dilatancy rule is used. In the current model, an Effective stress approach is used that can easily consider both saturated and unsaturated states through Effective stress parameter dependent on suction value. The proposed model considered the Coupling Effect of mechanical and water retention behaviors using soil water characteristic curve dependent on void ratio. To improve model accuracy and convergence, an implicit numerical integration scheme is used to implement the model. Using the experimental data available in the literature, numerical model predictions were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The results showed that the proposed model was able to predict the characteristic features of the behavior of a wide range of soils, including smooth transition behavior from elastic to a plastic state, stress softening and hardening, strain dilatancy, and also phase transformation behavior.

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-Coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-Coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the Effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-Coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

Ocean has a large environmental friendly source of energy, density of wave energy is more than the other renewable energy source and so has been considered in recent decade. Several methods have been studied for converting it to electricity.In this article wave energy absorption by floating PVC pipes and pumping water byabsorbed energy to higher level insteady state condition are studied.The results show that energy absorption from wave by floating PVC pipes is 24.3% which 31% of it has been converted to potential energy of water in 80 Cm above floating pipes. The efficiency of this energy conversion is 7.5% which can improve to 12.5% if volume efficiency of pumping system increases to 85%.

In Hydromechanical deep drawing process, a space of liquid replaces the matrix and the final shape of part is established based on the form of stiff punch. The application of hydroforming process is forming complex parts with higher quality than traditional forming methods. The advantages of multi-layer sheets are using different material characteristics, achieve higher strength and consequently get better forming condition. Forming of poor formable light-weight metals like aluminum alloys is difficult, which can be made easy with using hydroforming process. Having suitable range of the Effective parameters of the process is important and can help to form parts with higher quality. In this research, the Hydromechanical deep drawing of the two-layer bimetallic Copper/Aluminum 3003 with conical shape was studied using the finite element method (FEM) and the Effect of different parameters of the process such as final pressure, friction coefficient, pre-bulging pressure, and pre-bulging height on maximum thickness reduction and thickness distribution were inspected. The results showed that increasing of the friction between blank and die or blank and blank-holder increases the thinning ratio, while by increasing of the friction between blank and punch, the maximum ratio of thickness reduction declined. In addition, optimum range of the pre-bulging pressure and pre-bulging height of this case study was extracted by numerical simulations. A study was also carried out using experimental setup for verifying the FEM results. By comparison of experimental and numerical results, good reliability was seen between them.

In this paper, in order to investigate the performance of a geared turbofan engine and its control system, the thermodynamic modeling of the engine along with the modeling of the corresponding Hydromechanical controller is conducted. Engine test data is used for validation of engine performance simulation. The maximum difference between engine modeling outputs and engine data in take-off conditions is 3.2% and with engine test data in different rotor speeds is 7.6%. In order to model the controller, a comprehensive structure is extracted for the controller by using the engine data and the governing logic. The simulation results of the engine performance along with the control system according to the throttle commands from the maximum degree to the minimum, indicate the accurate performance of the controller model in fulfilment of thrust and limit protection. In addition to analyzing the performance of the engine in different operating conditions, the results of this research can also be used to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the existing control system. Since the capabilities of Hydromechanical control systems for managing engine fuel, bleed system and peripheral systems are limited, therefore, simulating the existing controller structure in connection with the engine model is important to develop the Hydromechanical type controller to an autonomous electronic type containing condition monitoring, health management and fault-tolerant control.

Given any structure, we seek to find the solution of mechanical problem as precisely and efficiently as possible. Within this condition, the BEM is robust and promising development, standing out in the analysis of cases with occurrence of large stress gradients, as in problems of fracture mechanics. Moreover, in BEM the modeling of infinite means is performed naturally, without the use of approximations. For methods involving domain integration, such as FEM, this is not possible, as models with high number of elements are usually adopted and their ends are considered flexible supports. This paper deals with the development of numerical models based on the BEM for mechanical analysis of stiffened domains. In the modeling of hardeners, immersed in a medium defined by the BEM, we tried to use both the FEM, already present in the literature, and the BEM 1D, being a new formulation. The objective was to perform the Coupling of BEM with FEM and BEM 1D for elements of any degree of approximation, evaluating both isotropic and anisotropic medium. In addition, a complementary objective was to verify the Effects of the adoption of different discretization and approximation degrees on the stiffeners. However, the Coupling with the BEM 1D leaded to more stable results and better approximations. It was observed that the FEM results were instable for many results, mainly in the quadratic approximations. When the approximation degree rises, the methods tend to converge to equivalent results, becoming very close in fourth degree approximation. Lastly, it was observed stress concentration in the stiffeners ends. In these regions, the discretization and the approximation degree have large influence to the numerical response.

We use gauge-gravity duality to study the Effect of corrections to the Coupling constant on equilibration time in field theory for scalar operators with Delta=2, 3. We will show that for larger correction in Coupling constant the equilibration time enhances and this behavior is independent of the method we use to make the system out of equilibrium. Interestingly we observe that for fast energy injection the rescaled equilibration time is independent of temperature of field theory.

Hydromechanical deep drawing is a new process in sheet metal forming. In Hydromechanical deep drawing, a chamber of fluid replaces the matrix and the final form of part is determined based on the form of rigid punch. This process can produce parts with more drawing ratios than traditional deep drawing. In this paper, the Hydromechanical deep drawing (HDD) of square parts was studied using the finite element method (FEM), and the Effects of different parameters of the process such as pre-bulging pressure, chamber pressure, and friction coefficient on the thinning were investigated. Simulation is done using Abaqus software. St12 sheets have been formed and the Effect of parameters on thickness distribution is determined. A study was also carried out using an experimental setup to verify the FEM results. Results show that flange wrinkling decreases by increasing chamber pressure. Also selecting appropriate pre-bulging pressure can decrease the thinning significantly. Finally, the numerical results were compared with experimental data.

SummaryIncreasing population and urban development highlight the role of tunnels as a suitable solution to meet various needs, especially transportation and reducing traffic in cities. The control and estimation of settlement of ground in tunneling is one of the most important challenges. In this study, tunnel is modeled in the FLAC3D software and Deformation due to drilling operations in both coupled and uncoupled modes is investigated.  Results shows that the coupled method is in more agreement with the instrumentation data than the uncoupled method.IntroductionDirect Hydromechanical interactions in the Earth's crust have been known since the late 1800s. an example of studies conducted in this field is given below:Yoo et al. (2012) and (2008) using ABAQUS software examined the Effect of groundwater drawdown on subsidence and displacements around the excavation. Zhou et al. (2018) and Lee et al. (2008) using FLAC3D software, the amplitude of excavation Effect on deformation and pore pressure change was investigated. A review of studies shows that in most modeling have been carried out with simplifications such as not considering the drilling sequence, ignoring groundwater level and Pore pressure changes. These simplifications lead to far-fetched results.Therefore, after selecting numerical software in accordance with the problem conditions, the three-dimensional model of the case study tunnel is modeled in the FLAC3D software. Based on the results, the coupled method is in more agreement with the instrumentation data than the uncoupled method. Also, the deformation around the excavation space is heavily dependent on the drainage and the groundwater level condition, so that the displacement and expansion of the plastic zone around the excavation space, in drained mode, is more than undrained. The long-term behavior of the tunnel in both drained and undrained mode shows that the deformation caused by drained does not change over time. Furthermore, in the drained condition, the displacement increases around the excavation space with over time. Methodology and ApproachesUsing FLAC3D software, the complete association between a porous deformable solid and a viscous fluid flowing through its pores can be modeled. The modeling of the study area has been done in two phases, mechanical and hydraulic. For modeling the mechanical phase, the soil is considered homogeneous and isotropic with full elastoplastic behavior and horizontal layering. The Mohr-Coulomb behavior model is used for the tunnel media, and the elastic behavioral model is used for the boring machine and lining. Results and ConclusionsThe most important results obtained from this study are as follows:-          The parameters of in situ stress conditions, groundwater level and environmental drainage conditions have a great impact on the results of numerical modeling.-          Comparison of the results with the instrument data shows that the amount of settlement created in the couple mode is more consistent with the instrument data.-          Water outflow from excavation operations reduces the pore pressure and increases the Effective stress around the excavation space.Pore pressure changes indicate the importance of studying long-term behavior.